London (pronounced /ˈlʌndən/) is the capital A capital is the area of a country, province, region, or state, regarded as enjoying primary status; although there are exceptions, a capital is almost always a city which physically encompasses the offices and meeting places of the seat of government and fixed by law. Alternate terms include capital city and political capital; the latter phrase of England England ( /ˈɪŋɡlənd/ ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England and the United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[note 7] is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of Ireland, and many small islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border, sharing. It is the UK's largest and most populous metropolitan area A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence, or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central cities and their zone of influence. One or more large cities may serve as its hub or hubs, and the metropolitan area is normally named after either the largest or most and the largest urban zone in the European Union The European Union is an economic and political union of 27 member states, located primarily in Europe. Committed to regional integration, the EU was established by the Treaty of Maastricht on 1 November 1993 upon the foundations of the European Economic Community. With over 500 million citizens, the EU generates an estimated 30% share (US$18.4 by most measures.
A major settlement for two millennia, its history London, the capital of the United Kingdom, has a recorded history that goes back over 2,000 years. During this time, it has grown to become one of the most significant financial and cultural capitals of the world. It has experienced plague, devastating fire, civil war, aerial bombardment and terrorist attacks. See City of London for details on the goes back to its founding by the Romans The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean. The term is used to describe the Roman state during and after the time of the first emperor, Augustus, who called it Londinium This article covers the history of London during the Roman period from around AD 47 when the Roman city of Londinium was founded, to its abandonment during the 5th century.[6] London's core, the ancient City of London The City of London is a small area within Greater London, England. It is the historic core of London around which the modern conurbation grew and has held city status since time immemorial. The City’s boundaries have remained almost unchanged since the Middle Ages, and it is now only a tiny part of the metropolis of London. It is often referred, the 'square mile', retains its mediaeval The Middle Ages of European history is a period of international history covering roughly a millennium in the 5th century through 16th centuries. It is commonly dated from the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and contrasted with a later Early Modern Period; the time during which the Reformation and the rise of humanism in the Italian Renaissance boundaries. Since at least the nineteenth century, the name "London" has also referred to the metropolis developed around it.[7] Today, the bulk of this conurbation A conurbation is an urban area or agglomeration comprising a number of cities, large towns and larger urban areas that, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban and industrially developed area. In most cases, a conurbation is a polycentric agglomeration, in which transportation has developed to forms the London region The region, also known as the government office region, is currently the highest tier of sub-national government entity of England, used by central Government for statistical purposes. One of the regions, London, has a directly elected assembly. The other regions have regional assemblies, which have limited powers and functions devolved from[8] and the Greater London Greater London is the top-level administrative subdivision covering London, England. The administrative area was officially created in 1965 and covers the City of London, including Middle Temple and Inner Temple, and 32 London boroughs. Its area also forms the London region of England and the London European Parliament constituency administrative area,[9] with its own elected mayor The Mayor of London is an elected politician who, along with the London Assembly of 25 members, is accountable for the strategic government of Greater London . Since 4 May 2008, Conservative Boris Johnson holds the position. Previously, the position was held by Ken Livingstone from the creation of the role on 4 May 2000 until his succession by and assembly The London Assembly is an elected body, part of the Greater London Authority, that scrutinises the activities of the Mayor of London and has the power, with a two-thirds majority, to amend the Mayor's annual budget. The Assembly was established in 2000 and is headquartered at City Hall on the south side of the River Thames close to Tower Bridge.[10]
London is a leading global city A global city is a city deemed to be an important node point in the global economic system. The concept comes from geography and urban studies and rests on the idea that globalization can be understood as largely created, facilitated and enacted in strategic geographic locales according to a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the global and one of the world's largest financial centres A financial centre is a global city that is a company and business hub, as well as being home to many world famous banks and/or stock exchanges[11][12][13][14] with the largest city GDP This is a list of the The 100 richest cities and/or their metropolitan areas in the world by GDP according to professional services firm PricewaterhouseCoopers and other sources in Europe.[15] Central London is home to the headquarters of most of the UK's top 100 listed companies (the FTSE 100 The FTSE 100 Index — also called FTSE 100, FTSE, or, informally, the "footsie" — is a share index of the 100 most highly capitalised UK companies listed on the London Stock Exchange. The index began on 3 January 1984 with a base level of 1000; the highest value reached to date is 6950.6, on 30 December 1999) and more than 100 of Europe's 500 largest. London's influence in politics Politics is a process by which groups of people make decisions. The term is generally applied to behavior within civil governments, but politics has been observed in all human group interactions, including corporate, academic and religious institutions. It consists of "social relations involving authority or power" and refers to the, finance Finance is the science of funds management. The general areas of finance are business finance, personal finance, and public finance. Finance includes saving money and often includes lending money. The field of finance deals with the concepts of time, money and risk and how they are interrelated. It also deals with how money is spent and budgeted, education Education in its broadest sense is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills and values from one generation to another, entertainment Entertainment is typically passive - as in watching opera or a movie. Activities which involve participating in games or sports are more often considered to be recreation. Activities such as personal reading or practising a musical instruments are considered as hobbies, media Mass media denotes a section of the media specifically designed to reach a very large audience such as the population of a nation state. The term was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks, mass-circulation newspapers and magazines. However, some forms of mass media such as books and manuscripts had already been in use, fashion Fashion is the style and custom prevalent at a given time. In its most common usage however, "fashion" describes the popular clothing style. Many fashions are popular in many cultures at any given time. Important is the idea that the course of design and fashion will change more rapidly than the culture as a whole. Fashion designers, the arts The arts is a broad subdivision of culture, composed of many creative endeavors and disciplines. It is a broader term than "art," which as a description of a field usually means only the visual arts. The arts encompasses visual arts, literature and the performing arts - music, drama, dance and film, among others. This list is by no means and culture Culture is a term that has different meanings. For example, in 1952, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of "culture" in Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. However, the word "culture" is most commonly used in three basic senses: in general contributes to its global position. It is a major tourist destination for both domestic and overseas visitors. London hosted the 1908 The 1908 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the IV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event which was held in 1908 in London, England. These games were originally scheduled to be held in Rome. At the time they were the fifth modern Olympic games. However, the Athens Games of 1906 have since been downgraded by the International and 1948 Summer Olympics The 1948 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XIV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event which was held in London, United Kingdom. After a hiatus of 12 years caused by World War II, these were the first Summer Olympics since the 1936 Games in Berlin. The 1940 Games had been scheduled for Tokyo, and then Helsinki; the 194 and will host the 2012 Summer Olympics The 2012 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXX Olympiad, are due to take place in London, United Kingdom, from 27 July to 12 August 2012. London will become the first city to officially host the modern Olympic Games three times, having previously done so in 1908 and in 1948.[16] London contains four World Heritage Sites A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site that is on the list that is maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 state parties which are elected by their General Assembly for a four-year term. A World Heritage Site is a place of either cultural or physical significance: the Tower of London Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London , is a historic fortress and scheduled monument in central London, England, on the north bank of the River Thames. It is located within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and is separated from the eastern edge of the City of London by the open space known as Tower; the historic settlement of Greenwich Greenwich (pronounced /ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ/ GREN-itch, /ˈɡrɛnɪdʒ/ GREN-idge, or /ˈɡrɪnɪdʒ/ GRIN-idge) is a district in south-east London, England, on the south bank of the River Thames in the London Borough of Greenwich. It is best known for its maritime history and as giving its name to the Greenwich Meridian (0° longitude) and Greenwich; the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, usually referred to simply as Kew Gardens, are 121 hectares of gardens and botanical glasshouses between Richmond and Kew in southwest London, England. The director is Professor Stephen D. Hopper, who succeeded Professor Sir Peter Crane. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew is also the name of the organisation that runs; and the site comprising the Palace of Westminster The Palace of Westminster, also known as the Houses of Parliament or Westminster Palace, is the seat of the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom—the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The Palace lies on the north bank of the River Thames[note 1] in the heart of the London borough of the City of Westminster, close to the, Westminster Abbey The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to popularly and informally as Westminster Abbey, is a large, mainly Gothic church, in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. It is the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English, later British and later still monarchs of and St. Margaret's Church The Anglican church of St. Margaret, Westminster Abbey is situated in the grounds of Westminster Abbey on Parliament Square, and is the parish church of the British Houses of Parliament in London. It is dedicated to Margaret of Antioch.[17]
London has a diverse range of peoples, cultures, and religions, and more than 300 languages are spoken within its boundaries.[18] In July 2007 it had an official population of 7,556,900 within the boundaries of Greater London Greater London is the top-level administrative subdivision covering London, England. The administrative area was officially created in 1965 and covers the City of London, including Middle Temple and Inner Temple, and 32 London boroughs. Its area also forms the London region of England and the London European Parliament constituency,[19] making it the most populous municipality This is a list of the largest cities in the European Union by population within city limits which have more than 300,000 inhabitants. It deals exclusively with the areas within city administrative boundaries as opposed to urban areas or metropolitan areas, which are generally larger in terms of population than the main city in the European Union The European Union is an economic and political union of 27 member states, located primarily in Europe. Committed to regional integration, the EU was established by the Treaty of Maastricht on 1 November 1993 upon the foundations of the European Economic Community. With over 500 million citizens, the EU generates an estimated 30% share (US$18.4.[20] The Greater London Urban Area The Greater London Urban Area is the conurbation or continuous urban area based around London, in south east England with an estimated population of 8,505,000 in 2005. The urban area measured 1,623.3 km² as of the 2001 Census (the second largest in the EU) has a population of 8,278,251.[2] while the metropolitan area A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence, or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central cities and their zone of influence. One or more large cities may serve as its hub or hubs, and the metropolitan area is normally named after either the largest or most (the largest in the EU) has an estimated total population of between 12 million[3] and 14 million.[4] The London Underground The London Underground is a rapid transit system serving a large part of Greater London and neighbouring areas of Essex, Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire in the UK. The first section opened in 1863, and was the first underground railway system in the world, and, starting in 1890, it was also the first to operate electric trains. Despite the name, network, administered by Transport for London Transport for London is the local government body responsible for most aspects of the transport system in Greater London in England. Its role is to implement the transport strategy and to manage transport services across London, is the most extensive underground railway network A rapid transit, metro, subway, underground, or elevated railway system is an electric passenger railway in an urban area with high capacity and frequency, and which is grade separated from other traffic. Rapid transit systems are typically either in underground tunnels or elevated above street level. Outside urban centres, rapid transit lines in the world,[21] London Heathrow Airport London Heathrow Airport or Heathrow , located in the London Borough of Hillingdon, is the world's busiest airport in terms of international passenger traffic. It is the world's second busiest airport in total passenger traffic and the United Kingdom's largest and busiest airport. It is also the busiest in the European Union in terms of passenger is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers 2. Includes figures for Istanbul Ataturk Airport and Antalya Airport for 2005 and 2006, http://www.dhmi.gov.tr/dosyalar/istatistik/2006/2006tum/2006yolcu.pdf[22] and the airspace Airspace means the portion of the atmosphere controlled by a particular country on top of its territory and territorial waters or, more generally, any specific three-dimensional portion of the atmosphere is the busiest of any urban centre in the world.[23]
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Wall Street Journal
London -based managing directors at Credit Suisse were told this morning that their bonuses were being cut by 30%, while the Swiss bank said its global ...
Credit Suisse to cut bonuses for top London staff AFP
Credit Suisse cuts payouts, Goldman delays as row heats Reuters
Credit Suisse's top UK staff see payouts cut due to bonus tax The Guardian
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House of parliament with Big Ben London City London Eye Again the City of London London Eye The London Eye
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Mon, 25 Jan 2010 11:06:14 GM
In our former, almost forgotten, 'couple' life we lived in . London. . Those days (as I like to remember them) were filled with friends, posh restaurants, cocktails, super-cool bars, exhibitions, theater, and lazy Sundays reading the papers ...
Q. I'm planning a trip to visit my aunt and uncle in Cambridge. We were talking about a day trip to London and the prices of travel were shocking. The train fare was bad enough, but I learned that the fare on the tube is four pounds. That's a shocking amount (even when the exchange rate was much much better it would still be over $5). I can buy a monthly transit pass in Atlanta for $60 (about 30 pounds). I think if you don't have a pass the fare is $2. I realize London has a much larger transit system, but are salaries in London that high? How do the people who live there afford it? Doesn't the government subsidize public transportation? I know they have some system to limit the number of drivers in the city, but the best way to… [cont.]
Asked by Corinnique - Thu Feb 1 23:09:00 2007 - - 5 Answers - 2 Comments
A. How can they afford not to? Most jobs in London attract "London Weighting" allowance which is supposed to cover some of the transport costs. If you buy a travelcard for 6.30 you can travel on all tubes, buses, etc in London all day. When you buy your ticket in Cambridge ask for the best option, you might be able to get one ticket that does it all.
Answered by Haydn - Fri Feb 2 05:37:13 2007
